Nigeria may be Africa’s largest economy — its powerhouse, even — but power cuts remain a frequent occurrence. The country’s grid has only half the capacity required to serve its 210mn inhabitants reliably.
Fixing that will require massive investment — which president Muhammadu Buhari, whose tenure ends in May, has sought through multilateral financing and Chinese-backed loans denominated in US dollars. But, for now, that still leaves many businesses reliant on expensive, dirty diesel generators for back-up power.
A similar story of inadequate infrastructure is repeated throughout Africa and across multiple sectors: transport, agriculture, water distribution and waste management. So, too, is the story of seeking overseas money — and of producing equally disappointing results.
Now, though, a new generation of finance initiatives is starting to tap domestic sources of capital, by using a mix of government money and overseas development funding to create local currency guarantee companies.
Shareholders, including governments and private sector financial institutions, back these companies to provide a guarantee that money loaned to projects will be repaid. Guarantors charge borrowers a fee for taking on this risk — some aim to turn a profit for their shareholders; others aim primarily to achieve policy objectives while preserving capital.
Proponents argue that such schemes can unlock lending from local pension funds, insurance companies, and the like, for projects that commercial banks are reluctant to finance. And this may be particularly beneficial for environmental, social and governance-oriented projects — such as renewable energy infrastructure.
Because the guarantees are expressed in local currency, a significant source of risk is removed. In recent years, the weakness of Nigeria’s naira against the dollar, coupled with the country’s multiple exchange rate windows, has made it harder to repay foreign debt.
Some advocates are impatient for wider usage of this mechanism. “Can we please stop fixating on cross-border financing and start looking at domestic savings as a potential source — in local currency — to fund infrastructure assets?” says Philippe Valahu, chief executive of the Private Infrastructure Development Group, a finance organisation.
PIDG — which describes its goal as “high development impact” — is one of the backers of InfraCredit Nigeria, an infrastructure guarantee facility established in 2017. Since then, InfraCredit has provided N128bn ($278mn) worth of local currency guarantees across several portfolio projects, including green bonds for hydro power.
InfraCredit is also funded by the Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority, Nigeria’s sovereign wealth fund, and InfraCo Africa — a finance vehicle backed by the UK, the Netherlands, and Switzerland — which became the third investor in 2020, pouring in $27mn.
Nigeria is not the only country to benefit from such schemes. In November 2022, InfraCo Africa announced that it would invest $15mn in a new guarantee facility in Kenya, alongside $5mn from Cardano Development, a finance company incubator and fund manager.
“We see various businesses here seeking to grow to serve domestic demand, but all facing the same problem that they cannot borrow in Kenyan shillings cost effectively or with a route to scale,” says Louis LaPaz, the Cardano Development representative responsible for the Kenyan facility. “Over the last few years, it’s been interesting to get cheap dollar debt — but, with the current environment of raising interest rates, that’s about to get a bit ugly.”
Kenyan infrastructure projects, including in green energy facilities, largely rely on US dollar-denominated loans from banks, which rarely offer the long maturities ideally required for successful developments, argue executives from InfraCo. They anticipate that, after three years of operations, they will have mobilised Ksh12.6bn ($100mn) of local currency guarantees for climate mitigation and adaptation projects, paving the way for further expansion.
“Local currency guarantees will enable institutional investors such as pensions and insurance funds to invest into high-quality assets whilst also supporting businesses to secure the finance needed for them to deliver vital new infrastructure,” says Claire Jarrett, InfraCo Africa’s chief investment officer. According to OECD data from 2020, Kenyans hold about $13bn in pension funds, equivalent to just over 13 per cent of the country’s GDP.
Bertrand Ketchassi, the InfraCo Africa investment manager responsible for the Kenya facility, thinks it has the potential to benefit many kinds of business. “[For these guarantee schemes] the main difference between the Kenyan and Nigerian market is that the latter is solidly focused on infrastructure, while the former is much more diversified,” he says.
Kenya, which prides itself on a reputation for financial and technological innovation going back to its early adoption of mobile money, has numerous businesses trying to tap investors’ appetite for sustainability.
Construction company Acorn, for example, recently built student accommodation that was designed to meet the government’s green building standards and was financed through the Ksh4.3bn ($34.2mn) dual listing of a green bond in Nairobi and London. Fintech IMFact — which was incubated by Cardano — offers local-currency financing for small and medium-sized enterprises.
But there remains an issue of scale. The N128bn ($278mn) and prospective Ksh12.6bn ($100mn) that InfraCo has tapped in Nigeria and Kenya, respectively, can hardly provide enough loans needed to fuel growth and development. Still, it is unlocking potential.
“We can now embrace the necessary tools to address the lack of liquidity that some companies in all these different sectors are facing, because the Kenyan market, as many markets in Africa, doesn’t provide long-term capital,” Ketchassi says. “Lots of people are waking up to the need to access local liquidity.”
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