Country: Kenya

The art of market facilitation: learning from the FSD network

Posted on by Kihingu Inc

When taking a market systems approach, development organisations such as those in the FSD network act as facilitators of market development—external change agents whose role is to develop actors in the market system to increase financial inclusion.

While facilitators work in a variety of ways, their primary role is to address constraints, in order to allow and facilitate the market system to function more effectively and inclusively. Facilitation is therefore a public role (not a commercial one); it is a temporary role (it is time-bound); and it requires understanding of the market system and the capacity to intervene with appropriate resources (financial, human and political).

The purpose of this paper is to provide guidelines on some key, practical questions facing facilitators, based on synthesised learnings from the FSD Network as captured in seven case studies written by the Springfield Centre. This document explores the art of market facilitation in action through the lens of the FSD network  to bu understanding around the M4P approach. The paper examines the wider lessons and challenges that emerge for organisations addressing the dilemmas of developing financial markets for the poor, and how they differ significantly from other conventional approaches.

We hope that you find the learnings in this synthesis paper useful and that they shed some light on your path to effective market facilitation.,

Reaching the mass insurance market: where to start when going digital

Posted on by Kihingu Inc

For insurers to serve a new type of client at scale they must change their modus operandi. The high costs associated with conventional insurance cannot be absorbed by low premium products. This means that existing structures need to be adapted to serve the low to middle-income mass market.

One key to success lies in digitization, which can be used to automate existing (often paper-based) processes. Going digital has obvious benefits: minimising expenses, reducing the scope of human error, improving efficiency and achieving scale. But, how can insurers begin to make this shift?

Working with our partner Britam in Kenya, we have seen one route to becoming a digitally-driven insurer: start with strategic process mapping.

So what does a strategic approach to process mapping look like? Process mapping involves creating a flow chart to capture every step in a process. This is then analysed to see how the process could be redesigned. Process mapping can both reveal opportunities for automation and help manage the internal change required to put it into action.

The strategic element of process mapping lies in identifying how new processes can achieve greater efficiency and also help improve the client’s experience. The ILO’s Impact Insurance Facility advocates human-centred design, which focuses on integrating the experience of the target group into product design and delivery. To improve the client’s experience, we have found that careful analysis is needed both of client interactions and back-end processes.

To illustrate, let’s take a simple example. At Britam, one of the team’s many tasks was to redesign the member information gathering process at enrolment to cut data entry and courier costs. The team started by looking at the systems and resources in place to capture data, and the experience of internal and external stakeholders interacting with the system. Careful analysis from both “outside-in” and “inside-out” uncovered pitfalls and opportunities for automation of members’ enrolment data gathering, such as customers processing their own data through an automated platform.

However, there are limits to automation, including limited client access to internet and smart phones. This problem extends to partner organisations, who are in many for automated processes. For example, the mission hospitals who work with Britam prefer paper claims submission.

Furthermore, there may be initial teething problems with automation, especially when it is only partial and still relies on a degree of human intervention. For example and as illustrated by the graph, after making significant reductions in claims processing times through process automation, Britam found that the processing time started to increase again due to staff constraints. This highlighted the need to support process changes with training or new staffing structures.

Our change management projects have repeatedly shown that digitization success does not lie solely in introducing technology, but in how people are placed to handle this change. Understanding what it takes to encourage and sustain behavioural change, both internally and externally, is key to change management and to reaping the rewards of going digital.

This blog is part of a joint series between the ILO’s Impact Insurance Facility and FSD Africa. The series explores practical solutions to manage change within insurance providers.

Anti-money laundering, know your customer, and curbing the financing of terrorism

Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) obligations are complex issues that require concerted action across all market participants; including banks, supervisory authorities, payment schemes and the international community. They all have a role to play in addressing the issues that have given rise to the phenomenon known as ‘de-risking’, which has seen banks closing accounts and exiting markets in order to reduce their exposure to regulatory enforcement action, in preference to managing the risk.

This is according to a new report, entitled “Anti-Money Laundering, Know Your Customer and Curbing the Financing of Terrorism”, published today by the Financial Sector Deepening Africa (FSD Africa) in partnership with Consult Hyperion. The report concludes that the need for financial service providers to pursue a comprehensive approach to due diligence (of both customers and of commercial partners) and AML is greater than ever.

It recommends that the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) -defined Risk-Based Approach (RBA) should be embraced in collaboration with national regulatory authorities.  Without full backing for the RBA from these authorities, and – in most cases – their counterparts in the US, there is a risk that financial institutions will continue to withdraw their services from particular markets and take refuge in ‘de-risking.’

Commenting on the report, Paul Makin, the Head of Financial Inclusion at Consult Hyperion, says: “The areas of money laundering and KYC are complex and multi-faceted, with many interlinking issues and unexpected consequences. This report demystifies the subject, and presents a coherent view of how we got here; why banks choose to withdraw from markets for particular groups of customers, how this came to be characterised as ‘de-risking’, and what can be done about it.”

The report concludes that with the continuing terrorism threat, attention should be paid to anonymous transactions which disburse cash. Robust Customer Due Diligence (CDD) processes at banking or mobile money agents must be enforced. Whilst some elements are technical (for example, biometrics, transaction limits, bearing down on cash, etc.), others will be in the areas of organisation and co-operation, particularly around the sharing of transaction and registration data.

Catalysing investment finance for SMEs

This case study looks at FSD Tanzania’s (FSDT) initiative to establish an effective alternative investment channel of the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME), the Enterprise Growth Market (EGM). The EGM aims to supply long-term equity capital for growth oriented SMEs in various areas such as agribusiness, agro processing, mining, tourism, manufacturing, banking and financial services.

FSDT sought to catalyse investment finance in MSMEs through the DSE’s EGM. Providing approximately USD1,360,000 to CMSA and DSE in 2011, FSDT supported the operationalisation of the EGM and stimulated take up by firms and investors. This work included public awareness campaigns, providing technical support to MSMEs and nominated advisers and building the regulator’s ability to supervise the EGM segment.

The establishment of the EGM has demonstrated that the stock exchange can provide an investment finance channel that’s relevant to medium-sized companies that do not meet the requirements to list on the main market segment. The potential for growth remains huge due to the large number of MSMEs in Tanzania but will rely on ongoing information dissemination, awareness raising and support to firms, in order to increase both the number and type of companies listing, and attract more investors.

All stakeholders in the EGM have stated that MSMEs and ‘well-researched start-ups’ are worthy of, and able to handle, increased investment, so long as they receive additional technical assistance. The CMSA and DSE have shown support for the EGM by changing regulations and practices. Members of both agencies report that “we have more capacity and increased confidence to supervise and run the EGM. But it’s a nascent market and we will continue to need technical and financial support”.

Kenya green bond programme kicks-off with strong backing from banking industry and development finance community

Posted on by TIMOTHYRADIER

Nairobi, Friday 31st March 2017 – The Kenya Bankers Association (KBA), Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), Climate Bonds Initiative (CBI) and Financial Sector Deepening Africa (FSD Africa) in conjunction with the FMO – Dutch Development Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) have today launched the Kenya’s Green Bond programme. The programme, which is coordinated by KBA under its Sustainable Finance Initiative (SFI), is endorsed by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), Capital Markets Authority (CMA) and the National Treasury.

During the launch, KBA, the NSE, CBI and FSD Africa signed a Cooperation Agreement to support the development of a green bonds market in Kenya.  FSD Africa has committed USD 600,000 over a period of three years, to fund the programme with the objective of aiding Kenyan banks and corporates to be in a position to tap the growing investor demand for green investments.

Through the partnership and funding from FSD Africa, a technical support programme will be implemented that will enable the partners to develop a pipeline of potential bond issuers and support demonstration green bond issuance from leading banks and corporates in Kenya. In addition, it will enable the development of a community of Kenyan-based licensed verifiers and support KBA’s efforts in building capacity locally to catalyze similar programmes across East Africa. In addition to the FSD Africa funding, FMO had earlier committed USD 350,000 to support KBA develop the framework to create the industry’s first pooled gbond facility. The facility that would allow KBA member banks, especially Tier 2 and Tier 3 banks, and corporates to take advantage of wholesale debt capital markets.

The launch of the Kenya Green Bond Programme comes at a time when African countries are gaining momentum to align with the burgeoning activity within the green finance space. Kenya, Nigeria, Morocco, Egypt and South Africa are among countries that have made strides to establish standards, harmonize public and private sector efforts as well as build capacity within the green economy. Globally, based on the 5th annual State of the Market Report by HSBC and detailed by CBI in a recent 2016 report, $694 billion is said to be climate aligned bonds. Out of the $694 billion, $ 118 billion are labelled as green bonds. A green bond label, enables investors to identify climate aligned investments and thus reduce friction in the market, which will in turn facilitate growth in climate aligned investments.

During the launch, the CEO of KBA, Habl Olaka said: “We are very pleased and excited to announce this partnership. This alliance has given us the opportunity to work closely together as a sector in developing Kenya’s green finance market through the green bond programme. One of KBA’s main objectives is to develop and sustain best practices that will inevitably strengthen financial structures in Kenya. FSD Africa, FMO, IFC, CBI and the NSE have all focused over the years on growing sustainable finance practices in the financial sector and this strongly complements our objective.”

The Chief Executive of NSE, Geoffrey Odundo noted: “The Exchange is committed to developing a vibrant green market for this region; we aim to create an environment that will allow the market to prosper in a secure and transpar­ent way. Through the NSE, issuers and investors will have a platform where they can come to­gether and fulfil their green objectives. The Kenya Green Bond Programme is an innovative tool that will promote economic and climate resiliencyntry.”

Ahead of the signing ceremony, the Director, FSD Africa, Mark Napier said: “It is expected that this programme will improve access to a complementary source of longer-term capital alongside traditional, shorter term bank loans, while contributing to the financing of ‘green’ investments and improving the environment. It will further support the national agenda that seeks to reinforce Kenya’s role as a regional leader in financial services as articulated by Vision 2030 and Kenya’s Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP).”

In agreement, Sean Kidney, CEO of Climate Bonds Initiative also said: “We are very excited to be able to work with our partners to grow a green bonds market in Kenya. This is going to be part of delivering lower cost capital to green projects, and developing capital markets in Kenya. In this year of sovereign green bonds Kenya is taking action and issuing will enhance its leadership positioning in Africa and provide a positive example to other nations loe finance options.”

Ends.

Note to editors

About Kenya Bankers Association

KBA (www.kba.co.ke) was founded on 16th July 1962. Today, KBA is the financial sector’s leading advocacy group and banking industry umbrella body that represents total assets in excess of USD 37 billion. KBA has evolved and broadened its function to include advocacy on behalf of the banking industry, and championing financial sector development through strategic projects such as the launch of the industry’s first P2P digital payments platform PesaLink.  In line with the Government’s policy on public-private partnerships, KBA and Central Bank of Kenya have implemented key projects such as modernization of the National Payments System through the Automated Clearing House, implementing the Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS), and the Kenya Credit Information Sharing Initiative. The KBA members are comprised of commercial banks and deposit taking microfinance banksg>Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE)

The NSE is a company established under the Companies Act, Cap 486 of the Laws of Kenya (as amended) and is licensed by the Capital Markets Authority to promote, develop, support and carry on the business of a securities and derivatives exchange and to discharge all the functions of a securities and derivatives exchange under the applicable Laws of the Republic of Kenya.

About the Climate Change Initiative (CBI)

The CBI is a private company limited by guarantee, established under the Companies Act 2006 of the United Kingdom and registered as a charity in England and Wales, and mandated to work for the preservation and conservation of the environment for the public benefit.

About FSD Africa

FSD Africa is a non-profit company which aims to increase prosperity, create jobs and reduce poverty by bringing about a transformation in financial markets in SSA and in the economies, they serve. It provides know-how and capital to champions of change whose ideas, influence and actions will make finance more useful to African businesses and households. It is funded by the UK aid from the UK Government

For more information about FSD Africa’s activities and current updates follow our social media platforms:

Twitter: @FSDAfrica

Linkedin:  Financial Sector Deepening Africa (FSD Africa)

Website: www.fsdafrica.org

Email: evans@fsdafrica.org

For media enquiries please contact:

Financial Sector Deepening Africa (FSD Africa)

Lara Cornaro

Head of Communications

lara@fsdafrica.org

 

Kenya Bankers Association

Nuru Mugambi

Director of Communications and Public Affairs

Phone: +254-20-2221704/2224014

Email: nmugambi@kba.co.ke

 

Nairobi Securities Exchange Ltd.

Waithera Mwai-Ireri

Head of Brand and Corporate Affairs

Tel: +254 (020) 283 1000

Email: wmwai@nse.co.ke

Website: www.nse.co.ke

 

Climate Bonds Initiative

Andrew Whiley

Communications Manager

Phone: +44 (0) 7506 270 943

Email: andrew.whiley@climatebonds.n

Crowdfunding in East Africa: regulation and policy for market development

FSD Africa, the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) and Anjarwalla and Khanna (A&K) collaborated to conduct a comparative assessment of the existing and evolving regulatory and policy landscape for crowdfunding in East Africa. This project outlines key priority areas necessary for regulatory and policy development in Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania. Furthermore, while it draws upon insights and experience of the UK, USA, Malaysia, New Zealand and India with respect to regulatory and policy developments, the CCAF has also conducted research into other markets that provide valuable insights but are beyond the scope of this project.

Getting ahead of the curve: how the regulatory discourse on M-insurance is changing

Posted on by Kihingu Inc

Nearly a year ago, we joined the A2ii in Abidjan to sit down with a roomful of regulators to discuss the challenges and imperatives CIMA faces in regulating mobile insurance at the CIMA-A2ii Workshop on Mobile Insurance Regulation. In the CIMA context, as with most countries in Africa, mobile network operators (MNOs) and the technical service providers (TSPs) that support them are emerging as key players in extending the reach of insurance. The discussions at the workshop focused on how insurance regulators can broaden their focus to include these MNOs and TSPs, as well as how to cooperate across different regulatory authorities.

A year on, these considerations remain as valid as ever, but we have come to realise that there is more at stake than m-insurance. Digital technology is changing the insurance landscape as we know it by paving the way for new players and business models with the potential to rapidly expand coverage. This is causing a re-think of how insurance is traditionally delivered. In addition, while m-insurance remains important, looking beyond m-insurance to the broader insurtech field is important to truly understand the opportunities technology provides to change the game in inclusive insurance and the associated risks.

Thus far, the insurtech debate has largely focused on developed country opportunities. But the tide is turning. My colleagues and I recently scanned the use of insurtech in the developing world to see what the potential is for addressing challenges in inclusive insurance. We found more than 90 initiatives in Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa that fit the bill. What we saw is that the “insurtech effect” is happening in two ways.

Firstly, digital technology is a tool to make insurance as we know it better: it is being used as a backbone to various elements of the insurance life cycle, in an effort to streamline processes, bring down costs and enable scale. Examples include new ways of data collection, communication and analytics (think big data, smart analytics, telematics, sensor-technology, artificial intelligence – the list goes on), as well as leveraging mobile and online platforms for front and back-end digital functionality (such as roboadvisors, online broker platforms, mobile phone or online claims lodging and processing, to name a few!).

It also allows for more tailored offerings: on-demand insurance initiatives are covering consumers for specific periods where they need that cover, for example for a bus ride, on vacation or when borrowing a friend’s car for one evening, while advances in sensor technology mean that insurers can adapt cover and pricing based on usage, for example allowing customers to only pay car insurance for the kilometres they actually drive every month.

In all of the above, digital technology, including the application of blockchain for smart contracting and claims, makes the process seamless.

Secondly, digital technology is a game changer. In many ways, it is changing the way insurers do business, design and roll out their products, and, importantly, who is involved in the value chain. Peer to peer platforms (P2P) are a much-discussed example of these next generation models. They are designed to match parties seeking insurance with those willing to cover these risks. The revolutionary element lies in the ability to cover risks that insurers usually shy away from due to the lack of data to adequately price the risks – all now enabled by digital technology. But these platforms are often positioned in regulatory grey areas: if all the platform does is match people to pool their own risks, does it then need a licensed insurer involved? And if advice is provided by a robot powered by an algorithm, who is ultimately accountable?

No wonder insurance supervisors are sitting up straight when you mention the word “tech”. As Luc Noubussi, microinsurance specialist at the CIMA secretariat, said at the 12th International Microinsurance Conference in Sri Lanka late last year: “Technology can have a major impact on microinsurance, but change is happening fast and regulators need to understand it”.

So, how do they remain on the front foot in light of all of this, what different functions, systems and players do they need to take into account and what are the risks arising? In short: how can they best facilitate innovation while protecting policyholders? Front of mind is how current regulatory and supervisory frameworks should accommodate new modalities, functions and roles – many of them outside the ambit of “traditional” insurance regulatory frameworks – and what cooperation is required between regulatory authorities to achieve that.

Two weeks from now we’ll again be sitting down with regulators from sub-Saharan Africa for the Mobile Insurance Regulationconference hosted in Douala, Cameroon, from 23 – 24 February 2017 by the A2ii, the IAIS and the 14 state West-African insurance regulator, CIMA, supported by UK aid, FSD Africa and the Munich Re Foundation. This conference will delve into the opportunities that mobile insurance present and the considerations for regulators and supervisors in designing and implementing regulations to accommodate it. The imperative to find an m-insurance regulatory solution remains, but it is clear that the horizon has broadened: at play is the way that insurance is done across the product life cycle, who the players are in the value chain and, at times, the very definition of insurance.

As we suggested in an earlier blog, this could be microinsurance’s Uber moment, but then regulators need to be on-board. We look forward to taking part in the discussions to see how supervisors plan to do just that.

Financing the frontier: inclusive financial sector development in fragility-affected states in Africa

Poverty in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is reducing, but the concentration of extreme poverty in fragile states is likely to increase, according to a new report published today by the Financial Sector Deepening Africa in partnership with Mercy Corps. The report concludes that the donor community can crowd-in legitimate financial market actors and provide the flexibility needed to take risks, and allow development actors to pivot as the fragility-affected states in Africa (FASA) change and adjust.

SSA has one of the world’s highest refugee and internally displaced populations – over 19 million people in 2016 – and the numbers are rising due to new and ongoing crisis in several countries. According to the report, SSA has 483 million people living on less than US$1.25 per day, representing a poverty gap three times the level of South Asia. Poverty rates in fragile states are, on average, 20% higher than countries with comparable levels of economic development; the gap is widest for countries affected by repeated cycles of violence. Finance plays a crucial role in poverty and conflict cycles, as lack of equitable access to financial services can lead to underdevelopment and stagnation, exacerbating social and economic unrest.

As a group, fragile-affected countries lagged behind in reaching the Millennium Development Goals; nearly two-thirds failed to meet the goal of halving poverty in 2015. Today, the 50 countries and economies on OECD’s 2015 fragile states list – of which 30 are African – are home to 43% of the global population who live on less than US$1.25 per day and by 2030, this figure could reach 62%.

Commenting on the report, Joe Huxley, the Regional Strategies Co-ordinator at FSD Africa says: “Fragile economies require special attention if financial sector development outcomes are to be shared evenly throughout the continent. A vibrant financial sector provides room for facilitating employment creation, embarking on infrastructure projects, and opening-up new economic opportunities for entrepreneurs and small businesses. It is incumbent upon the private sector, governments and government agencies, and international development organisations to scale up efforts to build financial systems that are efficient, robust and inclusive in Africa.”

The report comes at a time when there is increasing recognition that inclusive financial market development in SSA faces new challenges, with levels of financial sector under-development in FASA distinctively lower than non-fragile counterparts. Examples of such challenges include: increasing degree of forced population movements, and recurrent humanitarian cycle of needs; weak and incentives for financial service providers; high prevalence of, and reliance on, informal financial mechanisms; wide-spread infrastructure deficits; and high levels of distortion from humanitarian aid and short-term investments from donors.

Thea Anderson, the Director, Financial Inclusion at Mercy Corps says: “A strong, transparent financial sector can contribute to economic stability, which can be both a driver and a result of overall stability. Financial inclusion can address income equality issues and is a core means to tackle vulnerability in FASA. It is critical to recognise that situations of fragility do not follow clean patterns, but rather often exist in ‘complex crisis’ situations for protracted periods of time. To address, we should prioritise market system solutions. While each FASA situation is unique and complex, using a market systems approach allows us to adjust tactics but adhere to several key principles: think long term, do not ignore the informal sector, ensure a positive business case, carefully sequence interventions, and utilise a diverse package of smart aid instruments.”

The report dubbed, “Financing the Frontier: Inclusive Financial Sector Development in Fragility-Affected States in Africa” provides justification for donors and development actors to invest in the foundations of a functional financial sector in FASA and the critical need for personal identification (ID) solutions and fit for purpose financial regulations. It also addresses the role the financial sector plays in resilience-building and fostering economic opportunity in FASA.

Financial sector development in FASA can: reduce transaction costs; build capital markets; encourage the development of entrepreneurship and business growth; provide options for mitigating risk and responding to shocks and stresses; and contribute to overall stability-building measures. FASA provides increased opportunity for payments and remittances infrastructure and diaspora investments as financial strategies to diversify risk central to both formal and informal financial sectors in FASA. The report highlights several promising trends in FASA including, finance for refugees and internally displaced populations, Islamic finance, inclusive insurance, and the increased use of liquidity facilities and increasing impact investing.

Five reasons why capital markets matter in Africa

Posted on by Kihingu Inc

The significance of developing domestic capital markets as a means of financing priority sectors and driving economic development is increasingly being acknowledged by policy makers in Africa.

For instance, the African Union (AU), Agenda 2063, prioritises the development of capital markets on the continent to strengthen domestic resource mobilisation and double its contribution to development financing. Similar support is found in several national visions including Nigeria (FSS2020), Zambia (Vision 2030), Rwanda (Vision 2020), Uganda (Vision 2040) and Kenya (Vision 2030). About US$1 trillion in assets are currently held by pension, insurance and collective investment vehicles across sub-Saharan Africa. These funds have a serious problem finding enough investments that meet their risk and return requirements – there just isn’t enough “product” for them.  It means that there are projects today – e.g. in infrastructure – that are not getting financed. But this also has implications for the long-term ability of pension funds to produce adequate incomes for pensioners.

While central to facilitating SSA economic development, there has been little focus on understanding precisely why capital markets matter in Africa.

So why does Africa need capital markets? This article identifies five reason reasons:

  1. Providing long-term financing for priority sectors

Africa faces huge long-term financing needs for the real and social sectors.  FSD Africa (FSDA) estimates the funding gap for SMEs, infrastructure, housingness at over US$300 billion per year. The World Bank estimates that Africa’s infrastructure deficit reduces per capita GDP growth by 2 percentage points each year, delaying poverty reduction efforts. Equally, the Centre for Affordable Housing in Africa, estimates a housing deficit of at least 25 million units in Nigeria, Kenya, Angola, Ethiopia, Cameroon and Cote d’Ivoire. Local currency capital markets can contribute to narrowing the financing gap across these sectors. Capital markets provide long-term funds to growing businesses, infrastructure and housing. Capital markets can also support the financing of social sectors, including health and education.

  1. Complementing reductions in concessional funding

About half of the countries in sub-Sahara Africa are classified as middle income according to the World Bank. In the last decade, 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa including Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana and Zambia, have joined this middle-income rank. This implies that these countries will gradually be weaned off the World Bank Group’s concessional lending window, International Development Association (IDA). In addition, they can expect to receive less concessional funding from bilateral donors. This implies that many of these countries will need to access commercial funding sources. The Eurobond market, one of such sources, exposes countries to significant foreign currency risk, because these bonds are denominated in hard currencies, leading to higher chances of defaulting on this debt. Local currency capital markets can ideally complement external funding to meet developmental challenges.

  1. Financing global challenges

According to the African Development Bank (AfDB), the share of Africans living in urban areas is set to rise from 36% in 2010 to 50% by 2030. Urbanisation at this rate can cause significant stress to infrastructure, social services and proliferation of slums. According to the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), Africa is projected to bear the greatest impact of climate change with the costs of adaption being estimated between 5-10% of GDP. Capital markets can contribute to financing of climate change investments through green bonds. Capital markets can also support urban development by financing urban infrastructure and housing projects. Capital markets instruments including Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS), incorporating so-called Social REITS, can support affordable housing finance.

  1. Managing foreign currency and re-financing risks

The income streams associated with key infrastructure and housing investments are often denominated in local currency. By funding these investments in long-term local currency instruments, governments and the private sector avoid foreign exchange and refinancing risks. The Asian financial crisis in the 1990s and the crisis in Latin America in the 1980s powerfully demonstrated the importance of developing local currency markets. In Asia, overexposure to foreign currency loans led to economic collapse in several countries. On the other hand, refinancing risk arises where short-term debt is used to fund long-term projects. Failure to roll over this debt in the short term can lead to high financing costs and potentially defaults. Numerous examples exist where this has resulted in collapsed companies and job losses.

  1. Diversifying the financial sector

The financial sector in Africa is relatively small and bank-dominated. There have been significant advances in the banking sector over the last decade with increasing access to previously excluded populations, especially using mobile technology. However, the banking sector remains characterised by high interest rate margins and high returns on equity and assets. This implies that the sector is not playing its intermediation role effectively. By developing capital markets, countries can facilitate the diversification of the financial sector, providing a useful complement to the banking sector (at times competing with the banking sector, at other times encouraging it, e.g. through risk sharing instruments, to play a bigger role in new areas) and providing the public and private sectors access to long-term financing which is so hard to come by in SSA.  Capital markets can also help create new kinds of institutions through equity investment, tus broadening the sources of supply of finance.

As a strategic response, FSDA aims to transform capital markets in Africa into a credible source of funding for the real and social sectors. The priorities over the next five years include the bond markets (both government and non-government), alternative finance (including fintech and crowd funding, REITs and Islamic Finance), and equity (public and private) market development. Support for non-government bonds will focus on green bonds and issues in both the real and social sectors.

FSDA will leverage technical assistance interventions on the regulatory front with transactions support, aimed at developing a pipeline of potential issuers, and catalytic investments through development capital (DevCap). FSDA also aims to build the information base around long term finance – databases currently are scarce and incomplete – and will work closely with institutional investors to build their capacity to invest in the newer asset classes. FSDA will actively forge perships to implement its long-term finance agenda.,

The growth of M-shwari in Kenya: a market development story

Posted on by Kihingu Inc

M-Shwari (meaning ‘calm’ in Kiswahili) is a combined savings and loans product launched through a collaboration between the Commercial Bank of Africa (CBA) and Safaricom. The M-Shwari account is issued by CBA but must be linked to an M-Pesa mobile money account provided by Safaricom. The only way to deposit into, or withdraw from, M-Shwari is via the M-Pesa wallet.

M-Shwari aims to deepen and diversify the consumption and income benefits of M-Pesa by providing clients with a facility to save and by offering credit beyond a user’s networks of family and friends. Surveys of M-Shwari users confirm that they mainly save and borrow to manage fluctuations in their cash flow and to cope with unexpected needs.

M-Shwari was launched in January 2013 and by the end of 2014 it boasted 9.2 million savings accounts (representing 7.2 million individual customers) and had disbursed 20.6 million in loans to 2.8 million borrowers. In 2013, only 19% of M-Shwari users were below the national poverty line; this had increa 30% by the end of 2014. It can be expected that the proportion of poorer users will grow over time, as usage amongst higher income groups approaches saturation.

The key point is that as a result of M-Shwari, millions of poor Kenyans now use savings and credit services that help them manage risks, mitigate the impact of shocks and, increasingly, invest in improving their livelihoods. M-Shwari was launched in November 2012, yet its scale means it has already changed the nature of the market, and is serving as a platform for the development of innovative new products.

FSD Kenya was instrumental in bringing M-shwari to the market in Kenya. It’s approach was one of using analysis to determine actions, in particular understanding the demand side of the financial sector – the ‘poor and the money’. FSD Kenya also encouraged a first principles approach to product development (i.e. seeking to understand poor clients and then design a product that responds specifically to their needs). From this wider market ent perspective, the sheer scale and seemingly unabated continued growth of M-Shwari and competitor products has changed the landscape of digital finance services in Kenya.

Read the full case study here.,